印度网友：对比其他国家，凭什么中国基建建设可以做到如此高效？

高山流水

我国一向中国国内的基建发展和建设，相比西方国家来说，我国发展较晚，各方面比较落后，要想加快城市化建设，这些就离不开基础建设，其次，我国要发展经济，发展经济同样需要基建，在这几十年里，我国的GDP高速增长就离不开基建，还有一点就是，大力修建基础项目能够保障很多人的就业问题。那么究其原因，我国为什么能够“多快好省”地完成许多基础设施建设？我们看看各国网友的看法。

问题：对比其他国家，为什么中国基础设施建设可以做到如此高效？

意大利网友迈克•普鲁的回答

There are several reasons why China's infrastructure construction is much faster. To better explain the reasons, let's compare how China and Germany will start to build a new railway.

为什么中国的基础设施建设要快得多，有以下几个原因，为更好地说明原因，让我们来比较一下中国和德国各自会如何着手建设一条新的铁路。

1、可行性研究/Feasibility study

China: officials need to build this railway to develop this region. Relevant departments will work with academic experts to quickly study and judge and quantify the benefits and risks. China's priority direction is generally that social benefits are greater than economic benefits. If the social benefits or strategic significance of a project is huge, but the economic benefits are zero or even negative, they will not hesitate to invest in the construction.

中国：官方需要修建这条铁路来发展这个地区，相关部门会联合学术专家迅速进行研判，量化收益与风险，中国的优先方向一般是社会效益大于经济效益，如果一个项目的社会效益或战略意义巨大，但经济效益为零甚至为负的话，他们也会不惜投入去建设。

Germany: generally, the first committee, expert group and joint group will be established. To do this, the budget for the study needs to be approved first. If everything goes well in a few years, you can conduct a feasibility study to determine whether the railway is really profitable. For example, the railway connecting Xinjiang in eastern China costs about 800billion yuan, which is impossible to build in Europe.

德国：一般会成立第一委员会、专家小组和联合小组。要做到这一点，需要首先批准该研究的预算。如果几年后一切顺利，你才能进行可行性研究，确定这条铁路是否真的有利可图。像中国东部连接新疆的铁路，耗资约8000亿元，在欧洲是不可能修建的。

2、环境研究/Environmental Studies

China: if there is little conflict between environmental problems and the planned route, some small changes may be made to preserve the scenery, such as artificial protection, or detour.

中国：如果环境问题与规划的路线冲突较小，可能会做出一些小的变化来保存风景，如人工防护，或者绕道而行。

Germany: the project party will consider several possible routes to determine the specific impact of each method on the environment, which may take several years, and will be the only reason to cancel the whole project.

德国：项目方会考虑几种可能的路线，判别每种方法对环境的具体影响，这可能需要几年的时间，并且会是取消整个项目的唯一原因。

项目流程

3、土地补偿/Land compensation

China: there is no private land property here. If the government needs land for "greater public interest", it will compensate the original residents to a certain extent, or redistribute it at a fixed interest rate. Compared with Europe and the United States, few projects will be abolished or suspended.

中国：在这没有私人土地财产，如果政府为了“更大的公共利益”需要土地，会对原居民进行一定补偿，或按固定利率重新分配，和欧美相比，很少有项目会因此而废止或停顿。

Germany: every property on which a railway must be built must undergo a fixed expropriation procedure. This may include legal proceedings, collective action, compensation according to market value, etc. some projects failed at this stage in the past, or were postponed due to related legal procedures.

德国：必须在其上建造铁路的每一处财产都必须经过固定的征用程序。这可能包括法律诉讼、集体行动、按市场价值赔偿等，一些项目在过去的这个阶段失败了，或者由于与之相关的法律程序而被推迟。

4、采购/Purchase

China: bidding or usually designated qualified state-owned companies for delivery.

中国：招投标或通常指定符合条件的国有公司交付。

Germany: the results of the EU wide procurement competition must be published. The company submitting the proposal must be subject to review, license inspection, etc. If legal disputes follow, the project may take months or even years to start.

德国：必须公布欧盟范围内的采购竞赛结果。提交提案的公司必须接受审查，检查许可证等等。如果法律纠纷接踵而至，项目启动可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。

5、项目工程/Project engineering

China: according to the complexity, one or more engineering companies will be appointed to design. Any project that cannot be carried out in China will be subject to overseas bidding, and knowledge transfer will be ensured in this process.

中国：根据复杂性，将指定一家或多家工程公司进行设计。任何无法在国内进行工程的都将进行海外招标，同时确保在此过程中进行知识转让。

斜拉桥

Germany: in addition to the above conditions similar to China, the integration of aesthetic and visual environment must also be approved.

德国：除类似中国以上条件，还必须批准审美和视觉环境整合。

6、清理轨道/Clear the track

China: straightforward, all-weather operation, rapid completion.

中国：直截了当地，全天候运作，迅速完成。

Germany: all open spaces are themselves an environmental research project. In addition, it also stipulates when and the minimum noise allowed. The working hours per week are about 40 hours, rather than 80 hours for Chinese counterparts.

德国：所有空地本身就是一个环境研究项目。此外，还规定了何时以及允许发出的最低噪音，每周工作时间约为40小时，而不是中国同行的80小时。

7、施工/Construction

China: to put it bluntly, just follow the plan.

中国：直截了当地说，按照计划做就行了。

Germany: the reason for suspension of work is limited to the immaturity of the construction party. Strikes, the discovery of new archaeological sites, the injury of a worker, the discovery of a new caterpillar nearby, and legal proceedings against noise are all reasons for the suspension.

德国：暂停工作的原因仅限于施工方的不成熟。罢工、发现新的考古遗址、一名工人受伤、在附近发现一种新的毛毛虫、对噪音提起法律诉讼等都是导致停工的原因。

8、善后/aftermath

China: we will quickly invest in the construction of the next project.

中国：我们将迅速投入到下一个项目工程的建设中去。

Germany: let's think about how to make the whole thing more bureaucratic and complicated next time.

德国：让我们思考下一次如何让整个事情变得更加官僚和复杂。

In many ways, China's approach can usually complete the project construction more efficiently. Ironically, Europe faces higher bureaucratic costs than China.

在许多方面，中国的方式通常能够更高效地完成项目建设，具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲面临的官僚成本反而比中国更高。

Companies will encounter similar problems when developing new products. According to my experience in Europe, it usually takes more time and money to certify and approve a new product than the whole process of R & D, engineering and industrialization.

公司在开发新产品时也会遇到类似的问题。根据我在欧洲的经验，认证和批准一个新产品通常比整个研发、工程和工业化过程花费更多的时间和金钱。

I am not saying that we should follow China's example. However, the West has woven itself into a bureaucratic network to prevent it from moving forward. If we do nothing, we will be left behind.

我并不是说我们应该效仿中国，然而，西方已经将自己编织成了一张官僚网络，阻止它前进，如果什么都不做，我们将被抛在后面。

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美国工程学者安德鲁•西蒙斯的回答

1. China has a population of 1.4 billion.

1、中国有14亿人口。

2. The country is led by the Communist Party of China, which has 90million members from the Chinese social elite and ordinary people.

2、国家由中国共产党领导，中国共产党有9000万党员，党员来自中国社会精英和普通民众。

3. When a crisis occurs, the government makes clear the crisis, issues an announcement, who needs to have what skills, and immediately mobilizes them to the front line to deal with the crisis.

3、发生危机时，政府明确危机，发布公告，需要哪些人具备什么技能，并立即动员他们到第一线应对危机。

4. Have the right to requisition Chinese land; This means that they can take over any land in an emergency.

4、对中国土地拥有征用权；这意味着他们可以在紧急情况下接管任何土地。

When a major crisis occurs, Party members assigned tasks should control the situation and allocate appropriate resources according to the needs of the situation.

当发生重大危机时，被分配任务的党员应该控制局势，并根据局势的需要调用适当的资源。

抗震救灾

Because the party has such power, and the Chinese believe that it acts for the interests of all Chinese people, not for a small number of people, China operates like a hive or ant colony when attacked. The party has lifted 600million Chinese people out of poverty in more than 40 years and won this trust.

因为党有这样的权威，而且中国人相信她是为了全体中国人的利益行事，而不是为了一小部分人，所以中国在受到灾难攻击时就会像蜂巢或蚁群那样运作。他们的党在40多年的时间里使6亿中国人摆脱贫困，赢得了这种信任。

Everyone plays his or her own role and does his or her own duty well. People will work together to fight back the disaster before they return to normal life. They have the following advantages:

每个人都扮演着自己的角色，做好自己的职责，在者恢复正常生活之前，人们会齐心协力共同击退灾难。他们有以下优势：

1、决策/policy decision

If you want to build something quickly, you need to make a quick decision. The spirit of collectivism in China makes everyone obey the orders of the leaders, so quick decision-making can be achieved. However, who gives the orders needs to be responsible for everything.

如果你想快速建立一些东西，你需要快速做出决定。中国的集体主义精神让每个人都服从领导者的指令，因此快速决策是可以实现的，然而，谁下的命令需要对一切负责。

2、组织机构/Organization

Chinese society is always organized around an authoritative person, the oldest person in a family and the highest ranking person in a company. They are more like the most efficient army.

中国社会总是围绕着一个有权威的人组织的，一个家族中最年长的人，一个公司中地位最高的人，他们更像是一支效率最高的军队。

3、资源调动/Resource mobilization

In China, the most important resource - land - is state-owned. The most strategic resources are owned or controlled by state-owned enterprises, and all resources can be tilted to the people in case of emergency.

在中国，最重要的资源——土地——是国有的。最具战略性的资源由国有企业拥有或控制，所有的资源都可以在紧急情况下向人民倾斜。

4、技术和经验/Technology and experience

If a group of people have been building every day for the past 40 years, and many of these projects are very difficult, they will accumulate a lot of experience in the construction process, and therefore are likely to build faster than others.

如果有一群人在过去40年里每天都在不断地建造，而且其中很多项目都非常困难，那么他们会在建造过程中积累很多经验，并因此很可能会比其他人建造得更快。

帮助发展中国家建设工程

5、工作文化/Work culture

Chinese workers are not the strongest, but they are the most tolerant and disciplined in the world. They may sleep and eat at the construction site without seeing their families. They can only eat a bowl of rice and a few drops of soy sauce. This culture has a thousand year tradition, which makes foreigners working in China feel incredible.

中国工人不是最强的，但他们是世界上最有耐力和纪律的。他们可能在施工现场睡觉和吃饭，而不见家人。他们只能吃一碗米饭和几滴酱油。这种文化有着千年的传统，让在中国工作的外国人感到不可思议。

6、人力资源/Human resources

China has the most educated and trained labor force in the world. No one doubts this, right?

中国是世界上受过教育和培训的劳动力最多的国家。没有人会怀疑这一点，对吗？

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英国网友里奇•格里恩的回答

Musk, CEO of Tesla, forwarded a report on China's railway construction on twitter - "Chinese workers build railway stations in 9 hours", and commented that "China's advanced infrastructure construction speed is more than 100 times that of the United States".

特斯拉（Tesla）首席执行官马斯克（Musk）在推特（Twitter）上转发了一篇关于中国铁路建设的报道——“中国工人在9小时内建造火车站”，并评论说“中国先进的基础设施建设速度是美国的100多倍”。

He later said on twitter that the higher safety standards, environmental requirements and labor costs in the United States are only a small part of the reasons for the differences in infrastructure efficiency between China and the United States, but the deeper reason lies in the U.S. bureaucracy and the fact that private institutions charge a certain proportion of commissions, which always maximizes costs.

他后来在推特上表示，美国更高的安全标准、环境要求和劳动力成本只是中美基础设施效率差异的一小部分原因，但更深层次的原因在于美国的官僚作风，以及私人机构收取一定比例的佣金，因此总是将成本最大化。

In addition, an Indian business owner once summarized the reasons why India's production costs are higher than China's, including "rampant bureaucracy" and "the absence of large state-owned enterprises".

此外，一位印度企业主曾总结了印度生产成本高于中国的原因，包括“官僚主义泛滥”和“没有大型国有企业”。

It seems that no matter how western media and Chinese netizens understand the Chinese economy, front-line manufacturers in the United States and India can still be aware of their deep-rooted production resistance. Many people have always believed that the high output and efficiency of China's manufacturing industry is mainly due to the low wages of workers. According to this theory, with the increase of China's per capita income, the myth of China's manufacturing industry and economic growth will become unsustainable and fall into the middle-income trap.

似乎无论西方媒体和中国网民如何理解中国经济，美国和印度的一线生产商仍然可以意识到本国根深蒂固的生产阻力。许多人一直误认为，中国制造业的高产量和高效率主要是由于工人工资低廉，并根据这一理论推断，随着中国人均收入的增加，中国制造业和经济增长的神话将变得不可持续，并落入中等收入陷阱等。

According to "common sense", the per capita income of Chinese workers is much higher than that of India, and the production cost of Indian products should be lower than that of China. The rise of Indian industrialization will create strong competition for Chinese industry and exports. But this did not happen.

根据“常识”，中国工人的人均收入远高于印度，印度产品的生产成本应低于中国，印度工业化的兴起必将为中国工业和出口创造强大的竞争。可这并没有发生。

According to "common sense", Chinese industry is dominated by state-owned enterprises and large private enterprises, with concentrated production capacity. Compared with the western system, the government often "intervenes in the market". Enterprises in the western system should feel the sweet air of "market freedom" rather than "bureaucracy". Surprisingly, in India and the United States, entrepreneurs unanimously complain that their "bureaucracy" is stronger than China and is hindering their progress.

根据“常识”，中国工业由国有企业和大型私营企业主导，生产能力集中，与西方体制相比，政府经常“干预市场”，西方体系中的企业应该感受到“市场自由”而不是“官僚制”的甜美空气。可令人惊讶的是，在印度和美国，企业家们一致抱怨本国的“官僚制”比中国强大，并在阻碍他们前进。

The "common sense" instilled by the western media over the years seems to be inaccurate. China must have a secret magic formula to make its infrastructure so efficient.

多年来西方媒体灌输的“常识”似乎并不准确，中国必须有一个秘密的神奇公式，使其基础设施如此高效。

1、国有制/State ownership

In China, strategic industries, including heavy industry, have been nationalized. Even after the reform and opening up, this has not changed. The highest interest of the government is to provide infrastructure to the people as soon as possible to meet their actual needs, and infrastructure companies follow this goal, rather than raising unit prices, reducing shipments and hoarding goods to maximize profits. In addition to infrastructure companies, the same situation also exists in China's military industry.

在中国，包括重工业在内的战略性产业被国有化，即使在改革开放之后，这一点也没有改变。政府的最高利益是尽快将基础设施提供给人民，以满足他们的实际需求，而基础设施公司遵循这一目标，而不是提高单价、减少发货量和囤积货物以实现利润最大化。除基础设施公司外，中国军工行业也存在同样的情况。

It can be seen that due to the institutional advantages of state ownership, the channel cost of infrastructure in China is lower than that in the United States and India. Interestingly, the efficiency of western state-owned enterprises is also far lower than that of Chinese state-owned enterprises.

可以看出，由于国有制的制度优势，中国基础设施的渠道成本低于美国和印度。有趣的是，西方国有企业的效率也远低于中国国有企业。

2、持续改革/Continuous reform

Since the reform and opening up, the easiest thing for ordinary people to see is "opening up", but the core and most profound thing is "reform".

改革开放以来，老百姓最容易看到的是“开放”，但最核心、最深刻的是“改革”。

"Reform" is one of the boring words commonly used in political news, but it has a very important meaning: to prevent private companies like musk from being bound by "bureaucracy". In the past, we had to provide countless certificates and visit countless departments to obtain a simple procedure. This situation has been greatly improved due to the recent reform of simplified and decentralized government by the Chinese government.

“改革”是政治新闻中常用的无聊词汇之一，但它有一个非常重要的意义：防止像马斯克这样的私营公司被“官僚主义”束缚。我们过去必须提供无数的证明，到无数个部门进行无数次拜访，以获得一个简单的手续。由于中国政府最近进行了简化和分权政府的改革，这种情况现在已经大大改善。

Of course, China still has a lot of room for reform, but the Chinese government is more willing and more active in reform than other countries. The western system is proud of its perfect system, complacent and low willingness to reform.

当然，中国仍有很大的改革空间，但中国政府比其他国家更愿意、更积极地进行改革。西方体系以其完美的体系而自豪，自满且改革意愿较低。

In addition, its legislative body is dominated by inherent interests, and it is difficult for new enterprises to request the legislative body to amend the law. Therefore, the legal text is fixed and rigid to a large extent, making reform impossible. Even if a politician with reform ambition comes to power, it is useless, because decentralization has hollowed out the reform power of politicians.

此外，其立法机构由固有利益主导，新企业很难提请立法机构修改法律，因此法律文本在很大程度上是固定和僵化的，使得改革变得不可能。即使一个有改革雄心的政治家上台执政，也毫无用处，因为分权已经掏空了政治家的改革权力。

According to Reuters, Trump's latest plan to reform the $1.5 trillion infrastructure bill has been opposed by democratic and Republican lawmakers, while the United States' attempt to simplify the approval process of infrastructure projects to less than two years has "again" encountered resistance.

据路透社报道，特朗普改革1.5万亿美元基础设施法案的最新计划遭到了民主党和共和党议员的反对，而美国试图将基础设施项目的审批流程简化到两年以下的尝试“再次”遭遇阻力。

This shows that the Chinese government is trying to reform red tape and liberate the productive forces according to the people's economic needs, which is also very important to China's productive forces.

这表明，中国政府正在努力改革繁文缛节，根据人民的经济需要解放生产力，这对中国的生产力也非常重要。

In short, state-owned enterprises serve the needs of the people, not the profits of the boss; The government serves the needs of the people, not a consortium that donates political funds to them; China is confident in its system, but not complacent. It is these selflessness and pragmatism that have enabled China's productivity to grow so rapidly and have given play to the power that has amazed foreign entrepreneurs.

总之，国有企业服务于人民的需要，而不是老板的利润；政府服务于人民的需要，而不是向其捐赠政治资金的财团；中国对其体系充满信心，但并不自满。正是这些无私和实用主义让中国的生产力得以如此迅速地增长，并发挥出令外国企业家惊叹的力量。

Of course, the success of China's economy also benefits from the diligence of the Chinese people, but the construction of a railway station in nine hours is by no means the result of a sea of people or human tactics, but the wisdom behind it, including technical and political wisdom. The role of this wisdom will become more and more important in the future.

中国经济的成功当然也得益于中国人民的勤奋，但在九小时内建造一个火车站绝不是人海或人类战术的结果，而是它背后的智慧，包括技术和政治智慧，这种智慧的作用在未来将变得越来越重要。